A recent research report by the Centre for Security, Strategy and Policy Research at the University of Lahore warns that propaganda has become a central pillar of hybrid warfare against Pakistan, rather than a secondary tool. The report notes that managing perception has become as critical for states as defending physical borders in the modern information age.
Use of Digital Platforms
The study highlights that propaganda mechanisms have evolved from traditional pamphlets and illegal radio broadcasts to advanced digital platforms such as Al-Mirsad. These networks are reportedly using artificial intelligence, deepfake technology, and multilingual content to target internal cohesion in Pakistan.
The objective, according to the report, is to damage Pakistan’s international reputation and spread disinformation among the public through coordinated online campaigns.
Organised Networks and Hashtag Warfare
The report cites examples of organised digital influence operations, including coordinated hashtag campaigns and fake media outlets designed to create a perception of instability.
It further notes that militant groups, including proscribed organisations, have adapted to the digital environment by using modern tools such as cryptocurrency for recruitment and funding activities.
Targeting of Ethnic and Linguistic Divides
A key concern highlighted in the research is the use of regional languages and targeted messaging to exploit ethnic and social divisions within Pakistan. Analysts warn that the information space has effectively become an active battleground, where narratives are shaped to influence specific communities.
Experts stress that controlling and strengthening national narrative frameworks is now essential for safeguarding Pakistan’s strategic and geopolitical interests.
Recommendations
The report concludes that Pakistan requires a comprehensive national narrative strategy supported by advanced technological capabilities to counter digital disinformation. It warns that without effective narrative defence, traditional security measures alone will not be sufficient to address modern hybrid threats.
